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Law, body of official rules and regulations, generally found in
constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to
govern a society and to control the behaviour of its members. In the most
general sense, there are two kinds of law: natural law and positive law.
Natural law has been recognized since the ancient world to be a general
body of rules of right conduct and justice common to all mankind. This
concept grew from the observation of the operation of the laws of nature
and their uniformity.
Positive law, on the other hand, consists of regulations formulated
by the heads of a country or society. In many cases, natural laws have
been written into positive laws by governments. The prohibition against
killing, for example, is common to virtually all of mankind, and most
nations have enacted laws against it.
The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history.
In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a
court makes the law. It is backed by the coercive power of the state,
which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.
Law serves a variety of functions. Laws against crimes, for
example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society.
Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized
fashion. Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and
private planning. Laws limiting the powers of government help to
provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible.
Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change; for instance,
at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination
and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health,
education, and welfare.
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