Cuprins
- 1. Socialising
- 1. The Impact of Culture on Business
- 2. Telephoning
- 2. Telephoning across cultures
- 3. Presentations
- 3. Planning and preparation
- 4. Image, impact and making impression
- 5. The presentation
- 6. The end of the presentation
- 4. Meetings
- 7. Preparation for meetings
- 8. Participating in meetings
- 9. Ending the meeting
- 5. Negotiations
- 10. Know what you want
- 11. Getting what you can
- 12. Not getting what you don’t want
- 6. Management
- 13. What is management?
- 14. Types of managers
- 15. The management process
- 16. Management level and skills
- 7. Companies and organisations
- 17. Company structure
- 18. The external environment of organisations
- 8. Production and products
- 19. Just-in-time production
- 20. Products and brands
- 9. Marketing, advertising, promotion
- 21. The centrality of marketing
- 22. How companies advertise
- 23. The four major promotional tool
- 10. Market structure and competition
- 24. Market leaders, challengers and followers
- 25.Takeovers, mergers and buyouts
- 26. Profits and social responsibility
- 11. Money and finance
- 27. A history of money – what makes the world goes round
- 28. The profits of labour
- 29. Accounting and financial statements
- 30. Exchange Rates
- 12. Banking and taxation
- 31. Types of banks
- 32. Opening an account and means of payment
- 33. Banking – Key words and sentences
- 34. Taxation and how to avoid it
- 13. Stock market
- 35. Stocks and shares
- 36. Bonds
- 37. Futures, options and swaps
- - Glossary
- - Cheia exercitiilor
Extras din curs
1. Socialising
- Reading
The following text is about cultural diversity. Read it through once and decide which of the three statements (A, B or C) given below the extract offers the most accurate summary.
1. The Impact of Culture on Business
Take a look at the new breed of international managers, educated according to the most modern management philosophies. They all know that in the SBU, TQM should reign, with products delivered JIT, where CFT’s distribute products while subject to MBO.
(SBU = strategic business unit, TQM = total quality management, JIT = just-in-time, CFT = customer first team, MBO = management by objectives.)
But just how universal are these management solutions? Are these ‘truths’ about what effective management really is, truths that can be applied anywhere, under any circumstances?
Even with experienced international companies, many well-intended ‘universal’ applications of management theory have turned out badly. For example, pay-for-performance has in many instances been a failure on the African continent because there are particular, though unspoken, rules about the sequence and timing of reward and promotions. Similarly, management by objectives schemes have generally failed within subsidiaries of multinationals in southern Europe, because managers have not wanted to conform to the abstract nature of preconceived policy guidelines.
Even the notion of human-resource management is difficult to translate to other cultures, coming as it does from a typically Anglo-Saxon doctrine. It borrows from economics the idea that human beings are ‘resources’ like physical and monetary resources. It tends to assume almost unlimited capacities for individual development. In countries without these beliefs, this concept is hard to grasp and unpopular once it is understood. International managers have it tough. They must operate on a number of different premises at any one time. These premises arise from their culture of origin, the culture in which they are working, and the culture of the organization which employs them.
In every culture in the world such phenomena as authority, bureaucracy, creativity, good fellowship, verification and accountability are experienced in different ways. That we use the same words to describe them tends to make us unaware that our cultural biases and our accustomed conduct may not be appropriate, or shared.
SBU = strategic business unit = unitate comerciala, economica strategica
TQM = total quality management = managementul total al calitatii
JIT = just-in-time = livrare exact la momentul potrivit
CFT = customer first team =
MBO = management by objectives = managementul pe obiective
pay-for-performance = plata pentru munca depusa
human-resource management = managementul resurselor umane
at any one time = în fiecare moment
premises = premise, locatii
grasp = a pricepe, a întelege (în text)
accountability = raspundere
bias = tendinta, orientare
A. There are certain popular universal truths about management which can successfully be applied in various cultural contexts.
B. Cultures are so varied and so different throughout the world that management has to take account of differences rather than simply assume similarities.
C. Effective management of human resources is the key to everyone achieving their full potential.
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