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S + HAVE / HAS + V-en (past participle)
I have received the parcel
He has heard the news
Perfect/Perfective indicates, first of all, ANTERIOR TIME;
- the time of the event is anterior to some time or reference / orientation
ET ← RT
I have already met your sister
The flight was cancelled after we had paid for the tickets
If you had listened to me, we would have avoided mistakes
By next week, they will have completed their contract
I may have left the key at the office (last night)
I am sorry to have missed the plan
She regrets having abandoned the plan
The time of orientation / of reference, RT, is signalled by
- tense
- other elements of the sentence (adverbials expressing time)
- context
The common factor of meaning brought by PERFECT/PERFECTIVE to all these examples is ANTERIORITY to a RT
I have already met your sister
RT = ST (now) Axis of present
have met (the meeting happened before now)
The flight was cancelled after we had paid for the tickets
ST (now) Axis of present
RT = then (RT← ST) Axis of past
had paid (then = the moment of cancelling)
If you had listened to me, you would have avoided the mistakes
RT = ST (now) Axis of the present
if …had listened (hypothetical event)
( = If you had listened to me before now…)
By next week, they will have completed their contract
ST (now) Axis of present
RT = then Axis of future
will have completed RT → ST ; next week) .
Conținut arhivă zip
- Engleza - Verbe
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VERBS2.ppt
- PAST TENSE.ppt
- PRESENT PERFECT.ppt
- PRESENT PROGRESSIVE2.ppt
- SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE2.ppt
- TIME, TENSE, ASPECT2.ppt
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